SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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`!Mathematical tiles`! are `F33f`_`[tiles`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Tile]`_`f which were used extensively as a `F33f`_`[building material`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Building_material]`_`f in the southeastern counties of England—especially `F33f`_`[East Sussex`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=East_Sussex]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Kent`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Kent]`_`f—in the 18th and early 19th centuries.`:cite-ref-antram6-1-0[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-antram6-1]`_`f] They were laid on the exterior of `F33f`_`[timber-framed`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Timber_framing]`_`f buildings as an alternative to brickwork, which their appearance closely resembled.`:cite-ref-pevsner661-2-0[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-pevsner661-2]`_`f] A distinctive black variety with a glazed surface was used on many buildings in `F33f`_`[Brighton`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Brighton]`_`f (now part of the `F33f`_`[city`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom]`_`f of `F33f`_`[Brighton and Hove`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Brighton_and_Hove]`_`f) from about 1760 onwards, and is considered a characteristic feature of the town's early architecture.`:cite-ref-antram6-1-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-antram6-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-encb4-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-encb4-3]`_`f] Although the `F33f`_`[brick tax`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Brick_tax]`_`f (1784–1850) was formerly thought to have encouraged the use of mathematical tiles, in fact the tiles were subject to the same tax.`:cite-ref-4[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-4]`_`f]

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[Name`#name]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Usage and varieties`#usage-and-varieties]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Black glazed tiles`#black-glazed-tiles]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Examples from Brighton`#examples-from-brighton]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[See also`#see-also]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Notes`#notes]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[External links`#external-links]`_`f

-─

>>Name

The precise origin of the name "mathematical" is unknown.`:cite-ref-canterbury-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-canterbury-5]`_`f]`:cite-ref-6[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-6]`_`f]`:cite-ref-7[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-7]`_`f] Local historian Norman Nail ascribes it to the "neat geometric pattern" produced by the tiles.`:cite-ref-8[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-8]`_`f] `F33f`_`[John W. Cowan`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=John_W._Cowan]`_`f suggests it means "exactly regular", an older sense of "mathematical" which is now rare.`:cite-ref-9[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-9]`_`f] Other `F33f`_`[attributive`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Attributive]`_`f names include "brick", "geometrical", "mechanical", "rebate", "wall", or "weather" tiles.`:cite-ref-canterbury-5-1[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-canterbury-5]`_`f] According to `F33f`_`[Christopher Hussey`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Christopher_Hussey_(historian)]`_`f, "weather tile" is an earlier more general term, with the true "mathematical tile" distinguished by its flush setting.`:cite-ref-hussey1956-10-0[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-hussey1956-10]`_`f] In 18th-century Oxford "feather edge tile" was used.`:cite-ref-steaneayres2013-11-0[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-steaneayres2013-11]`_`f] While "mathematical tile" is now usual, Nail considered it a "pretentious" innovation, preferring "brick tile" as an older and more authentic name.`:cite-ref-12[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-12]`_`f]

>>Usage and varieties

The tiles were laid in a partly overlapping pattern, akin to `F33f`_`[roof shingles`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Roof_shingle]`_`f. Their lower section—the part intended to be visible when the tiling was complete—was thicker; the upper section would slide under the overlapping tile above and would therefore be hidden. In the top corner was a hole for a nail to be inserted. They would then be hung on a `F33f`_`[lath`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lath]`_`f of wood, and the lower sections would be moulded together with an infill of `F33f`_`[lime mortar`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lime_mortar]`_`f to form a flat surface.`:cite-ref-berry110-13-0[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-berry110-13]`_`f] The interlocking visible surfaces would then resemble either `F33f`_`[header bond or stretcher bond brickwork`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Brickwork]`_`f.`:cite-ref-antram6-1-2[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-antram6-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-pevsner661-2-1[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-pevsner661-2]`_`f]`:cite-ref-mbah-14-0[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-mbah-14]`_`f]`:cite-ref-eh-tiles-15-0[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-eh-tiles-15]`_`f] Mathematical tiles had several advantages over brick: they were cheaper,`:cite-ref-antram6-1-3[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-antram6-1]`_`f] easier to lay than bricks (skilled workmen were not needed),`:cite-ref-berry103-16-0[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-berry103-16]`_`f] and were more resistant to the weathering effects of wind, rain and sea-spray, making them particularly useful at seaside locations such as Brighton.`:cite-ref-bob65-17-0[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-bob65-17]`_`f]

Various colours of tile were produced: red, to resemble brick most closely; honey; cream; and black. Brighton, the resort most closely associated with mathematical tiles, has examples of each. Many houses on the seafront east of the `F33f`_`[Royal Pavilion`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Royal_Pavilion]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Old Steine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Old_Steine]`_`f, for example on Wentworth Street, have cream-coloured tiles,`:cite-ref-encb4-3-1[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-encb4-3]`_`f] and honey-coloured tiles were used by `F33f`_`[Henry Holland`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Henry_Holland_(architect)]`_`f in his design for the Marine Pavilion—forerunner of the Royal Pavilion.`:cite-ref-berry103-16-1[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-berry103-16]`_`f] Holland often used mathematical tiles in his commissions, although he usually used blue `F33f`_`[Gault clay`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Gault_clay]`_`f to make them.`:cite-ref-antram31-18-0[`F5bf`_`[18`#cite-note-antram31-18]`_`f]

A 1987 count of surviving mathematical tiles in English counties found the most in Kent (407 buildings), followed by Sussex (382), `F33f`_`[Wiltshire`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Wiltshire]`_`f (50), `F33f`_`[Surrey`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Surrey]`_`f (47), and `F33f`_`[Hampshire`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hampshire]`_`f (37 including the `F33f`_`[Isle of Wight`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Isle_of_Wight]`_`f).`:cite-ref-19[`F5bf`_`[19`#cite-note-19]`_`f]

>>Black glazed tiles

The black glazed type is most closely associated with the Brighton's early architecture:`:cite-ref-antram6-1-4[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-antram6-1]`_`f] such tiles had the extra advantage of reflecting light in a visually attractive way.`:cite-ref-musgrave125-20-0[`F5bf`_`[20`#cite-note-musgrave125-20]`_`f] Black mathematical tiles started to appear in the 1760s, soon after the town began to grow in earnest as its reputation as a health resort became known.`:cite-ref-encb15-21-0[`F5bf`_`[21`#cite-note-encb15-21]`_`f] When `F33f`_`[Patcham Place`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Patcham_Place]`_`f, a mid 16th-century house in nearby `F33f`_`[Patcham`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Patcham]`_`f (now part of the city of Brighton and Hove), was rebuilt in 1764, it was clad entirely in the tiles.`:cite-ref-bob111-22-0[`F5bf`_`[22`#cite-note-bob111-22]`_`f] `F33f`_`[Royal Crescent, Brighton`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Royal_Crescent,_Brighton]`_`f's first unified architectural set piece and first residential development built to face the sea, was faced in the same material when it was built between 1799 and 1807.`:cite-ref-antram133-23-0[`F5bf`_`[23`#cite-note-antram133-23]`_`f] When Pool Valley—the site where a `F33f`_`[winterbourne`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Winterbourne_(stream)]`_`f drained into the `F33f`_`[English Channel`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=English_Channel]`_`f—was built over in the 1790s, one of the first buildings erected there was a mathematical tiled two-storey shop. Both the building (now known as `F33f`_`[9 Pool Valley`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=9_Pool_Valley,_Brighton]`_`f) and the façade survive.`:cite-ref-encb125-24-0[`F5bf`_`[24`#cite-note-encb125-24]`_`f] All three of these have `F33f`_`[Grade II* listed status`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Listed_building]`_`f,`:cite-ref-bhcc-lb-25-0[`F5bf`_`[25`#cite-note-bhcc-lb-25]`_`f] indicating that in the context of England's architecture they are "particularly important ... [and] of more than special interest".`:cite-ref-eh2-26-0[`F5bf`_`[26`#cite-note-eh2-26]`_`f] Other examples can be seen at Grand Parade—the east side of Old Steine, developed haphazardly with large houses in a variety of styles and materials in the early 19th century;`:cite-ref-antram88-27-0[`F5bf`_`[27`#cite-note-antram88-27]`_`f]`:cite-ref-bob43-28-0[`F5bf`_`[28`#cite-note-bob43-28]`_`f] York Place, a fashionable address when built in the 1800s;`:cite-ref-antram88-27-1[`F5bf`_`[27`#cite-note-antram88-27]`_`f] and Market Street in `F33f`_`[The Lanes`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=The_Lanes_(Brighton)]`_`f, Brighton's ancient core of narrow streets.`:cite-ref-encb4-3-2[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-encb4-3]`_`f]

`F33f`_`[Lewes`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lewes]`_`f, the county town of East Sussex, has many buildings clad with mathematical tiles in black and other colours. These include the Grade I-listed `F33f`_`[Jireh Chapel`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lewes_Free_Presbyterian_Church]`_`f in the Cliffe area of the town which is clad in red mathematical tiles and dark grey slate. The timber-framed chapel was built in 1805.`:cite-ref-ioe293297-29-0[`F5bf`_`[29`#cite-note-ioe293297-29]`_`f] Elsewhere, a study in 2005 identified 22 18th-century timber-framed buildings (mostly `F33f`_`[townhouses`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Townhouse]`_`f) with mathematical tiles of various colours.`:cite-ref-eus-42-30-0[`F5bf`_`[30`#cite-note-eus-42-30]`_`f] Examples are the semi-detached pair at 199 and 200 High Street,`:cite-ref-eus-42-30-1[`F5bf`_`[30`#cite-note-eus-42-30]`_`f] the small terrace at 9–11 Market Street, 33 School Hill (an old building with a mid-18th century renewed façade), and the `F33f`_`[Quaker`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Religious_Society_of_Friends]`_`f meeting house of 1784.`:cite-ref-eus-43-31-0[`F5bf`_`[31`#cite-note-eus-43-31]`_`f]

>>Examples from Brighton

>>See also

• `F33f`_`[Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Buildings_and_architecture_of_Brighton_and_Hove]`_`f

>>Notes

`:cite-note-antram6-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-antram6-1-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Antram & Morrice 2008`#citerefantrammorrice2008]`_`f, p. 6

`:cite-note-pevsner661-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-pevsner661-2-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Nairn & Pevsner 1965`#citerefnairnpevsner1965]`_`f, p. 661

`:cite-note-encb4-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-encb4-3-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Carder 1990`#citerefcarder1990]`_`f, §4.

`:cite-note-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-4]`_`f `F33f`_`[Smith 1985`#citerefsmith1985]`_`f, p. 132

`:cite-note-canterbury-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-canterbury-5-0]`_`f `:citerefdl`aDL. "Mathematical Tiles". Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

`:cite-note-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-6]`_`f `:citerefgriffiths`aGriffiths, John. "Mathematical Tiles". Rye Conservation Society. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

`:cite-note-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-7]`_`f "Mathematical tiles". Hove: `F33f`_`[Regency Town House`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Regency_Town_House]`_`f. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

`:cite-note-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-8]`_`f `F33f`_`[Nail 1996`#citerefnail1996]`_`f, p. 5

`:cite-note-9`!9.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-9]`_`f `:citerefcowan2017`aCowan, John (25 August 2017). "Comment 2740529". `*Bungaroosh`*. languagehat. Retrieved 25 August 2017.; citing `F33f`_`[Oxford English Dictionary`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Oxford_English_Dictionary]`_`f 3rd edition, s.v. "mathematical" sense 5(b).

`:cite-note-hussey1956-10`!10.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-hussey1956-10-0]`_`f `:citerefhussey1956`aHussey, Christopher (1956). `*Mid Georgian, 1760–1800`*. English Country Houses. Vol. 2. Country Life. p. 28.

`:cite-note-steaneayres2013-11`!11.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-steaneayres2013-11-0]`_`f `:citerefsteaneayres2013`aSteane, John; Ayres, James (29 November 2013). `*Traditional Buildings in the Oxford Region`*. Oxbow Books. p. 439. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 9781782970323. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

`:cite-note-12`!12.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-12]`_`f `F33f`_`[Nail 1996`#citerefnail1996]`_`f, p. 4

`:cite-note-berry110-13`!13.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-berry110-13-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Berry 2005`#citerefberry2005]`_`f, p. 110

`:cite-note-mbah-14`!14.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-mbah-14-0]`_`f `:citerefmartin2006`aMartin, Ron (22 March 2006). "Building materials in Brighton and Hove: Mathematical Tiles". My Brighton and Hove (c/o QueensPark Books). Retrieved 9 February 2010.

`:cite-note-eh-tiles-15`!15.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-eh-tiles-15-0]`_`f `:citerefchitham1987`aChitham, Robert (February 1987). "Conservation Bulletin, Issue 1, February 1987" (PDF). `F33f`_`[English Heritage`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=English_Heritage]`_`f. p. 4. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

`:cite-note-berry103-16`!16.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-berry103-16-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Berry 2005`#citerefberry2005]`_`f, p. 103

`:cite-note-bob65-17`!17.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-bob65-17-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987`#citerefbrighton-polytechnic-school-of-architecture-and-interior-design1987]`_`f, p. 65

`:cite-note-antram31-18`!18.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-antram31-18-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Antram & Morrice 2008`#citerefantrammorrice2008]`_`f, p. 31

`:cite-note-19`!19.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-19]`_`f `:citerefexwood1987`aExwood, Maurice (February 1987). "Mathematical Tiles - the latest count" (PDF). `*Information`* (41). British Brick Society: 11–14. `F33f`_`[ISSN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISSN_(identifier)]`_`f 0960-7870.

`:cite-note-musgrave125-20`!20.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-musgrave125-20-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Musgrave 1981`#citerefmusgrave1981]`_`f, p. 125

`:cite-note-encb15-21`!21.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-encb15-21-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Carder 1990`#citerefcarder1990]`_`f, §15.

`:cite-note-bob111-22`!22.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-bob111-22-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987`#citerefbrighton-polytechnic-school-of-architecture-and-interior-design1987]`_`f, p. 111

`:cite-note-antram133-23`!23.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-antram133-23-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Antram & Morrice 2008`#citerefantrammorrice2008]`_`f, p. 133

`:cite-note-encb125-24`!24.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-encb125-24-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Carder 1990`#citerefcarder1990]`_`f, §125.

`:cite-note-bhcc-lb-25`!25.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-bhcc-lb-25-0]`_`f "The Brighton and Hove Summary Lists of Historic Buildings (ENS/CR/LB/03)" (PDF). `*Brighton and Hove City Council Register of Listed Buildings`*. Brighton and Hove City Council. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

`:cite-note-eh2-26`!26.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-eh2-26-0]`_`f "Listed Buildings". `F33f`_`[English Heritage`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=English_Heritage]`_`f. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2011.

`:cite-note-antram88-27`!27.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-antram88-27-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Antram & Morrice 2008`#citerefantrammorrice2008]`_`f, p. 92

`:cite-note-bob43-28`!28.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-bob43-28-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987`#citerefbrighton-polytechnic-school-of-architecture-and-interior-design1987]`_`f, p. 43

`:cite-note-ioe293297-29`!29.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-ioe293297-29-0]`_`f `:citerefhistoric-england1192055`a`F33f`_`[Historic England`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Historic_England]`_`f (2007). "Jireh Chapel & Sunday School to north, Malling Street (east side), Lewes (1192055)". `*`F33f`_`[National Heritage List for England`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=National_Heritage_List_for_England]`_`f`*. Retrieved 7 February 2010.

`:cite-note-eus-42-30`!30.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-eus-42-30-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Harris 2005`#citerefharris2005]`_`f, p. 42

`:cite-note-eus-43-31`!31.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-eus-43-31-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Harris 2005`#citerefharris2005]`_`f, p. 43

>>References

• `:citerefantrammorrice2008`aAntram, Nicholas; Morrice, Richard (2008). `*Brighton and Hove`*. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Yale University Press. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-300-12661-7.

• `:citerefberry2005`aBerry, Sue (2005). `*Georgian Brighton`*. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 1-86077-342-7.

• `:citerefbrighton-polytechnic-school-of-architecture-and-interior-design1987`aBrighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design (1987). `*A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton`*. Macclesfield: McMillan Martin. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 1-869865-03-0.

• `:citerefcarder1990`aCarder, Timothy (1990). `*The Encyclopaedia of Brighton`*. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 0-86147-315-9.

• `:citerefharris2005`aHarris, Roland B. (March 2005). "Lewes Historic Character Assessment Report" (PDF). `*Sussex Extensive Urban Surveys (EUS)`*. Lewes District Council in association with `F33f`_`[English Heritage`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=English_Heritage]`_`f. Retrieved 7 February 2010.

• `:citerefmusgrave1981`aMusgrave, Clifford (1981). `*Life in Brighton`*. Rochester: Rochester Press. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 0-571-09285-3.

• `:citerefnail1996`aNail, Norman (March 1996) [1981]. "Brick and Tile Taxes Revisited" (PDF). `*Information`* (67). British Brick Society: 3–14. `F33f`_`[ISSN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISSN_(identifier)]`_`f 0960-7870.

• `:citerefnairnpevsner1965`a`F33f`_`[Nairn, Ian`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ian_Nairn]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Pevsner, Nikolaus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Nikolaus_Pevsner]`_`f (1965). `*The Buildings of England: Sussex`*. Harmondsworth: `F33f`_`[Penguin Books`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Penguin_Books]`_`f. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 0-300-09677-1.

• `:citerefsmith1985`aSmith, Terence Paul (1985). "Brick-Tiles (Mathematical Tiles) in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England". `*Journal of the British Archaeological Association`*. `!138`! (1): 132–164. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1179/jba.1985.138.1.132. `F33f`_`[ISSN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISSN_(identifier)]`_`f 0068-1288.

>>External links

• Media related to Mathematical tile at Wikimedia Commons

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